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Brain Gender by Hines, Melissa Edition ILL, 1 $28.49 Do biological factors, such as gonadal hormones, determine our sexual destiny after our genes are in place? Do they make men aggressive, or women nurturing? Do they cause boys and girls to play differently or to have different interests? Do they explain differences in sexual orientation within each sex group? Do they contribute to the preponderance of men in science or women at home? Scientists working from a psychosocial perspective would answer these questions differently than those working from a behavioral neuroscience or neuroendocrinological perspective. This book brings both of these perspectives to bear on the questions, tracing the factors that influence the brain, beginning with testosterone and other hormones during prenatal life, and continuing through changing life situations and experiences that can sculpt the brain and its activity, even in adulthood. This influence has important implications for understanding the social roles of men and women in society, the different educational and emotional issues that confront males and females, the legal rights of those whose sexual orientation or gender identity do not correspond to norms, and even standards of clinical care for people born with physical intersex conditions that make it difficult to classify a person as male or female at birth. This original and accessible book will be of interest to psychologists, neuroscientists, pediatricians, and educators, as well as the general public. It is also suitable for use in graduate and undergraduate courses on the psychology of gender or on hormones and behavior.

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Understanding Central Sleep Apnea - The Brain Disconnection

For certain biological activity to take place in the body, the brain must relay a message to that body part, or organ for that activity to be performed.  In the case of central sleep apnea, the brain sends inappropriate signals to the muscles responsible for breathing, resulting in the repeated stopping and starting of breathing while the person is asleep.

Central sleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by episodes of cessation of respiration while sleeping.  The brain does not send the proper messages to the muscles of breathing.  Central sleep apnea is not as common as other sleep apneas as is counted as less than five percent of all the sleep apneas combined.
 
Symptoms:

Observed episodes of stopped breathing or abnormal breathing patterns during sleep
Suddenly awake with shortness of breath, relief brought on by sitting upright
Insomnia- inability to go to sleep and staying asleep
Hypersomnia - sleepy during the day
Reduced concentration
Snoring

Snoring can be attributed to:

Enlarged tonsils - primarily in children
Excessive throat tissue
Loss of tone in the throat muscles
Increased weight
Use of alcohol
Certain medications

Use of alcohol and some medications cause relaxation of the muscles surrounding the throat, which can obstruction of the airway.  Maintaining airway is of major importance and is always the first focus in any event.  Without proper airway patency, life hangs in the balance and death could be the result if not attended to immediately.

Causes of central sleep apnea:

Periodic cessation of breathing during sleep
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
Brain stem damage
High altitudes of 15,000 feet or more
Medications: Opiates such as morphine, oxycodone, or codeine

Risks:

Gender - Males more likely to develop this disorder than females.
Heart disorders - Such as atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure
Stroke or brain tumor - Reduces the brain's ability to control breathing
Sleeping at high altitudes
Taking opioid medications

Complications:

Cardiovascular (heart) problems
Cerebrovascular(brain) problems
Daytime fatigue

Testing for this sleep disorder includes:

Nocturnal polysomnography - Monitors heart, lung and brain activity, breathing patterns, arm and leg movements, and blood oxygen levels.
oximetry - monitors and records your blood oxygen level
cardiorespiratory testing - Measures airflow and breathing patterns.
Arterial blood gas testing (ABG) - Measures blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels

Treatment:

Treat other underlying medical problems
Reduction of opioid medications.
Supplemental oxygen
Medications to stimulate respiration, such as acetazolamide 
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).
Bilevel positive airway pressure (bilevel PAP).
Adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV)

Snoring may or may not be present with central sleep apnea as it is with obstructive sleep apnea. If you are always feeling overly tired during the day and irritable for no apparent reason,you should consult your physician as soon as possible.  Any type of sleep apnea is a dangerous disorder that requires medical intervention.

About the Author

Barb Hicks is a licensed registered nurse who is passionate about writing and sharing her knowledge about stop snoring aids. You can find all her articles including stop snoring mouthpiece review on Clivir.com.