If flora are your thing or if you proposal to embrace some flora in your summer plot then you should take jiffy to learn about those plants or acme plants that are best suitable to summer months and those plants like by way of sunlight and shade. Not all flora are shaped identical when it comes to withstand the phase of the summer sun and some want a little more charge than others. Keep all these equipment in brains when forecast your summer backyard and pick astutely according to the letters of nursing you fancy to afford.
This is a general lead to the diverse types of plants that are well matched for a summer patch and not necessarily those that are well able to support boundary by wall. Study the plants you determine you would like to embrace in your summer backyard to indemnify you keep those that dearest water and hate sun away from those that thrive with little water and abundant amounts of sun. In other terms you will penury to conduct a more thorough lessons of the flora you decide to enter your summer patch to shape the correct placement of the flora for the most incline, realize, and the best probable life for the plants you show.
The next are some fun sun loving plants you may desire to embrace in your summer backyard. Geraniums are cheerful little splashes of blush that are ideally competent for a summer plot. They ensue to work well for creating limits or minimally providing a highlight of redden in a bed of green and do wholly well in pots on their own or mixed with other vivid summer flora. The Hibiscus is a pleasing position of redden that will give a steamy feel to your summer plot. A greet addition to many gardens they may grow pretty tall so keep them to the back of the summer backyard to tolerate the complete array of blush from all summer plants to capture the eyes of visitors. Marigolds are another admired additions to most summer gardens. With an open array of ensign from which to desire it is no small wonder that the flora wait a common darling for sunny patches within the summer patch.
Shade loving flowers also abound for summer gardens everywhere. Most gardeners find violently cool spots within their lawns or gardens to be a particular challenge. Perhaps some of these suggestions will alleviate that feel of challenge for you. Impatiens are broadly common choices for shady places and impart an open scale of quick insignia finish for creating fun and sharp precincts. The viola is another great brightly tinted flower that is well fitting for borders or sealed arrangements, whichever suits your particular summer plot needs. Mimulus is another superb option for flush in your summer plot and may tolerate biased sun somewhat well if you're looking for a kind border hide. If you prefer more dramatic pallor in your summer plot you might be interested in with Lobelia or ageratum, which both have wonderful dejected hues in your summer garden campaign.
Of course this is only a small sampling of the many smart and charming summer flowers that can make a very publicize in your summer garden. Be clearly to check out the influence offerings of each and aspect care instructions to make certainly that they are a sincere game not only for your private tastes but also the landscape and land of your garden and the other plants that will be included in your summer garden. The forecast stage is often the hardest work that many people put into their summer gardens but the pay off for all this prim planning is rather often buttery and beautiful. Failing to diagram well can significance in a great split of withered time and effort on your behalf and a minus than astral summer garden.
For those with the disorder, schizophrenia can be a debilitating illness. This book is a revision of the book "The Split Brain: An Analysis of Schizophrenia" which includes new research and life stories of those dealing with the illness.
For those with the disorder, schizophrenia can be a debilitating illness. This book is a revision of the book The Split Brain: An Analysis of Schizophrenia which includes new research and life stories of those dealing with the illness.
Mind Map is the map of ideas. It is used for represent the word or the ideas of the human that spread out from the center .To imply by using text and the picture to look alike the ramification of the tree. This theory is getting from the brain of the human. Mind Map was built to be the source or the beginning point of developing the project or doing the tasks.
Mind Map can simplify everything especially the complicate one such as. – To make from the abstraction to be concrete object. – It help in learning everything. – It can be used for solving the problems in daily life. – It is used in decision-making in case that there are alternative ways to solve the problem.
You can use mind map to apply to many tasks such as… – Brain storming – Project planning – Use for summarize the meeting(Meeting minutes) – To analyze the strategy of our company.(Strategic thinking, SWOT Analysis) – To specify the strategy of marketing (Marketing Plans) – Use for Teaching – Use when you want to describe something or teach someone(Training) – To control the new product development(Product Development) – To gather the data,the knowledge and the ideas(Capture tacit knowledge) and much more…
Mind Mapping Software
Nowadays there are many software that use for build the mind map. The mind mapping software in the world today can be separated into two groups as follow…
-Commercial Mind Mapping Software is the software that was built by private company for the purpose of business or commercial only. You have to pay for this software.
-Open Source Mind Mapping Software is free Mind Mapping software. You don’t have to pay for these software.It is open source so may be you can download the software together with its source code.
Commercial software example
MindManager MindManager is commercial software.You can download it for free trial from Mindjet here.It is easy to use software that combine many tools necessary for build Mind map.This software can link with Microsoft Office such as MS Word,MS PowerPoint,MS Outlook, MS project, etc. It also can export your Mind map into image file (support various type of image file), PDF file,”.doc” file and “.html” file.It can use under Windows and MAC OS X.
Open source or free Mind mapping software example.
FreeMind is a good open source Mind mapping software.It was written in JAVA. It is licenced under GPL (General Public License) so you can download it for free without paying for it.With FreeMind you can download the source code for modify some features but you must licence it under GPL only.Look for it at here.
About the Author
I'm from Thailand. Now I work as Software Engineer at Sony.
The article above is some part of the my full articles.You can view more articles at http://embedsoftdev.com
Download Human Anatomy (PowerPoint) PPT Templates:Looking for Human Anatomy PPT(PowerPoint) Templates which can be used in Human Anatomy(PPT) Template, PowerPoint background for Human Anatomy PPT presentation and PowerPoint Template for Human Anatomy...
Get Human Brain Powerpoint Template, Powerpoint Template on Human Brain, Human Brain PPT Templates, Powerpoint Presentation on Human Brain, Human Brain PPT Slides and more Medical Powerpoint Slides and Templates.
Advertising - Precious Information Or Vicious Manipulation?
Is advertising the ultimate means to inform and help us in our everyday decision-making or is it just an excessively powerful form of mass deception used by companies to persuade their prospects and customers to buy products and services they do not need? Consumers in the global village are exposed to increasing number of advertisement messages and spending for advertisements is increasing accordingly.
It will not be exaggerated if we conclude that we are 'soaked in this cultural rain of marketing communications' through TV, press, cinema, Internet, etc. (Hackley and Kitchen, 1999). But if thirty years ago the marketing communication tools were used mainly as a product-centered tactical means, now the promotional mix, and in particular the advertising is focused on signs and semiotics. Some argue that the marketers' efforts eventually are "turning the economy into symbol so that it means something to the consumer" (Williamson, cited in Anonymous, Marketing Communications, 2006: 569). One critical consequence is that many of the contemporary advertisements "are selling us ourselves" (ibid.)
The abovementioned process is influenced by the commoditisation of products and blurring of consumer's own perceptions of the companies' offering. In order to differentiate and position their products and/or services today's businesses employ advertising which is sometimes considered not only of bad taste, but also as deliberately intrusive and manipulative. The issue of bad advertising is topical to such extent that organisations like Adbusters have embraced the tactics of subvertising - revealing the real intend behind the modern advertising. The Adbusters magazine editor-in-chief Kalle Lason commented on the corporate image building communication activities of the big companies: "We know that oil companies aren't really friendly to nature, and tobacco companies don't really care about ethics" (Arnold, 2001). On the other hand, the "ethics and social responsibility are important determinants of such long-term gains as survival, long-term profitability, and competitiveness of the organization" (Singhapakdi, 1999). Without communications strategy that revolves around ethics and social responsibility the concepts of total quality and customer relationships building become elusive. However, there could be no easy clear-cut ethics formula of marketing communications.
ADVERTISING - PRESCIOUS INFORMATION OR VICIOUS MANIPULATION?
In order to get insights into the consumer perception about the role of advertising we have reviewed a number of articles and conducted four in-depth interviews. A number of research papers reach opposed conclusions. These vary from the ones stating that "the ethicality of a firm's behavior is an important consideration during the purchase decision" and that consumers "will reward ethical behavior by a willingness to pay higher prices for that firm's product" (Creyer and Ross Jr., 1997) to others stressing that "although consumers may express a desire to support ethical companies, and punish unethical companies, their actual purchase behaviour often remains unaffected by ethical concerns" and that "price, quality and value outweigh ethical criteria in consumer purchase behaviour" (Carrigan and Attalla, 2001). Focusing on the advertising as the most prominent marketing communication tool we have constructed and conducted an interview consisting of four themes and nine questions. The conceptual frame of this paper is built on these four themes.
THEME I. The Ethics in Advertising
The first theme comprises two introductory questions about the ethics in advertising in general.
I.A. How would you define the ethics in advertising?
The term ethics in business involves "morality, organisational ethics and professional deontology" (Isaac, cited in Bergadaa', 2007). Every industry has its own guidelines for the ethical requirements. However, the principal four requirements for marketing communications are to be legal, decent, honest and truthful. Unfortunately, in a society where the course of action of the companies is determined by profit targets the use of marketing communications messages "may constitute a form of social pollution through the potentially damaging and unintended effects it may have on consumer decision making" (Hackley and Kitchen, 1999).
One of the interviewed respondents stated that "the most successful companies do no need ethics in their activities because they have built empires." Another view is that "sooner or later whoever is not ethical will face the negative consequences."
I.B. What is your perception of the importance of ethics in advertising?
The second question is about the importance of being moral when communicating with/to your target audiences and the way consumers/customers view it. In different research papers we have found quite opposing conclusions. Ethics of business seems to be evaluated either as very important in the decision making process or as not really a serious factor in this process. An example of rather extreme stance is that "disaster awaits any brand that acts cynically" (Odell, 2007).
It may seem obvious that the responsibility should be carried by the advertiser because "his is the key responsibility in keeping advertising clean and decent" (Bernstein, 1951). On the other hand the companies' actions are defined by the "the canons of social responsibility and good taste" (ibid.). One of the interviewees said:
"The only responsible for giving decent advertising is the one who profits at the end. Company's profits should not be at the expense of society."
Another one stated that "our culture and the level of societal awareness determine the good and bad in advertising".
The increased importance of marketing communications ethics is underscored by the need of applying more dialogical, two-way communications approaches. The "demassification technologies have the potential to facilitate dialogue", but the "monologic" attitude is still the predominant one (Botan, 1997). Arnold (2001) points out the cases of Monsanto and Esso which had to pay "a price for its [theirs] one-way communications strategy". In this train of thought we may review ethics in advertisements from two different perspectives as suggested by our respondents and different points of view in the reviewed papers. The first one is that it is imperative to have one common code of ethics imposed by the law. The other affirms the independence and responsibility of every industry for setting its own standards.
THEME II. Which type of regulation should be the leading one in the field of advertising?
The next theme directs the attention towards the regulation system which should be the primary one. Widely accepted opinion is that both self regulation and legal controls should work in synergy. In other words the codes of practice are meant to complement the laws. However, in certain countries there are stronger legal controls over the advertising, e.g. in Scandinavia. On the other hand the industry's self regulation is preferred in the Anglo-Saxon world. Still, not everyone agrees with the laissez-faire concept.
One of our respondents said:
"I believe governments should impose stricter legal frame and harsher punishment for companies which do not comply with the law."
Needless to say, the social acceptability varies from one culture/country to another. At the end of the day "good taste or bad is largely a matter of the time, the place, and the individual" (Bernstein, 1951). It would be also probably impossible to set clear-cut detailed rules in the era of Internet and interactive TV. Therefore, both types of regulation should be applied with the ultimate aim of reaching balance between the sacred right of freedom of choice and information and minimizing possible widespread offence. Put differently, the goal is synchronising the "different ethical frameworks" of marketers and "others in society" in order to fill the "ethics gap" (Hunt and Vitell, 2006).
THEME III. Content of Advertisements.
Probably the most controversial issue in the field of marketing communications is the content of advertisements. Nwachukwu et al. (1997) distinguish three areas of interest in terms of ethical judgment of ads: "individual autonomy, consumer sovereignty, and the nature of the product". The individual autonomy is concerned with advertising to children. Consumer sovereignty deals with the level of knowledge and sophistication of the target audience whereas the ads for harmful products are in the centre of public opinion for a long time. We have added two more perspectives to arrive at five questions in the conducted interviews. The first one concerns the advertisement that imply sense of guilt and praise affluence that in the most cases cannot be achieved and the second one is about advertisements stimulating desire and satisfaction through acquisition of material goods.
III.A. What is your attitude towards the advertisement of harmful products?
A typical example is the advertisement of cigarettes. Nowadays we cannot see slogans like "Camel Agrees with Your Throat" (Chickenhead, accessed 25th September 2007) or "Chesterfield - Packs More Pleasure - Because It's More Perfectly Packed!" (Chickenhead, accessed 25th September 2007). The general advertisement, sponsorship and other marketing communications means are already prohibited to be used by cigarette producers. Surprisingly, most of the answers of the respondents were not against the cigarettes advertisement. One of the respondents said:
"People are well informed about the consequences of smoking so it is a matter of personal choice."
As with many other contemporary products the shift in communications messages for cigarettes is oriented towards symbol and image building. The same can be said for the alcohol ads. A well-known example of emotional advertising is the Absolut Vodka campaign. From Absolut Nectar, through Absolut Fantasy to Absolut World the Swedish drink actually aims to be Absolut... Everything.
Advertising of hazardous products is even more harshly criticised when it is aimed at audiences with low individual autonomy, i.e. children. Two main issues in this respect are the manipulation of cigarettes and alcohol as "the rite of passage into adulthood" and the fact that "sales of health-hazardous products (alcohol, cigarettes) develop freely without much disapproval" (Bergadaa, 2007).
III.B. What is your attitude towards the advertisement to children?
Children are not only customers, but also consumers, influencers and users in the family Decision-Making Unit (DMU). Additional difficulty is that they are too impressionable to be deciders in the DMU. At the same time it is not a secret that marketers apply "the same basic strategy of trying to sell the parent through the child's insistence on the purchase" (Bernstein, 1951). It is not a surprise then that "spending on advertising for children has increased five-fold in the last ten years and two thirds of commercials during child television programs are for food products" (Bergadaa 2007). In the US alone children represent a direct purchases market of $24 billion worth (McNeal cited in Bergadaa, 2007) which certainly is on the top of the agendas of many companies. While exploiting children's decision-making immaturity advertisers often go too far in dematerialising their products and "teleporting children out of the tangible and into the virtual world of brand names" (Bergadaa 2007). Teenage virtual worlds like Habbo where snack food brands run advertising campaigns are already a fact of life (Goldie, 2007). The imaginative worlds are popular not only online. Hugely successful for creating a fantasy world is Mc Donald's. The company tops the European list of kids' advertisers while more than half of the children's adverts are for junk food.
In some countries there are harsher restrictions to the children advertising.
• "Sweden and Norway do not permit any television advertising to be directed towards children under 12 and no adverts at all are allowed during children's programmes. • Australia does not allow advertisements during programmes for pre-school children. • Austria does not permit advertising during children's programmes, and in the Flemish region of Belgium no advertising is permitted 5 minutes before or after programmes for children. • Sponsorship of children's programmes is not permitted in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden while in Germany and the Netherlands, although it is allowed, it is not used in practice." (McSpotlight, accessed 20th September 2007).
According to a research by Roberts and Pettigrew (2007) the most frequent themes in children advertising are "grazing, the denigration of core foods, exaggerated health claims, and the implied ability of certain foods to enhance popularity, performance and mood." But the junk food is not the only reason for parents' preoccupation. According to a study of Kaiser Family Foundation (Dolliver, 2007) parents are concerned about the amount of advertising of the following products (in order of importance): toys, video games, clothing, alcohol/beer, movies, etc.
The interviewed respondents were unanimous: "The advertising to children should be strictly monitored." Similar results were obtained in surveys by Rasmussen Reports and Kaiser Family Foundation. Nevertheless, the legal means are just one part of the children's protection. The other part involves "the decision-making responsibility of parents and teachers" which is "to assist their children in developing a skeptical attitude to the information in advertising" (Bergadaa 2007). The marketers themselves should also be involved in shaping the moral system of our future and "each brand should have its own deontology - a code of practice regarding children - rather than rely on industry codes" (Horgan, 2007).
III.C. Do you think there are many misleading, exaggerating and confusing advertisements. Are many ads promising things that are not possible to achieve?
It will not be exaggerated to state that advertising is in a sense "salesmanship addressed to masses of potential buyers rather than to one buyer at a time" (Bernstein, 1951). Since "salesmanship itself is persuasion" (ibid.) we cannot merely blame advertisers for pursuing their sales goals. However, in the last twenty years or so advertisers have increasingly applied semiotics in their messages and as a consequence ads have begun to function more and more as symbols. One extreme case in this stream of advertising is the creation of idealised image of a person who uses the advertised product. Bishop (2000) draws our attention to two "typical representatives of self-identity image ads" which entice consumers to project the respective images to themselves through use of the products:
- "The Beautiful Woman"; - "The Sexy Teenagers.
Through setting of such stereotypes advertisers not only mislead the public and exaggerate the effects of products but also provoke low self-esteem in consumers. At the same time they promise results that in most cases are simply impossible to achieve. Instead of promoting "'glamorous' anorexic body images" communication messages should use "varied body types" and should drop the idea of the "impossible physical body images" (Bishop, 2000).
To question III.C one of the respondents commented:
"The customers of these products [the ones advertised through thin models] are mostly people who do not have the same physical characteristic. For me, this type of advertising is deliberately aimed at people to make them feel not complete, far from attractive social outsiders."
However, another interviewed stated that: "every person has his own way of evaluating what is believable and what is misleading. Consumers are enough sophisticated to know what is exaggerated."
Similarly, Bishop (2000) concludes that "image ads are not false or misleading", and "whether or not they advocate false values is a matter for subjective reflection." The author argues that image ads do not interfere with our internal autonomy and if people are misled, it is because they want it. It is all about our free choice of behaviour and no advertisement can modify our desires. Perhaps, the truth lies somewhere in-between the two extreme positions.
III.D. What is your attitude towards advertisement that imply sense of guilt, and praise affluence that in the most cases cannot be achieved?
A more specific case of controversial advertising is the one used to "promote not so much self indulgence as self doubt"; the one that "seeks to create needs, not to fulfill them: to generate new anxieties instead of allaying old ones" (Hackley and Kitchen, 1999). A response of our interviewee reads:
"It is not only a matter of advertising. It has to do with the social inequality and the desire to possess what you can not."
Hackley and Kitchen (1999) refer to this discrepancy as to "when reality does not match the image of affluence and the result is a subjective feeling of dissonance". The issue could be elaborated further through the next question.
III.E. Are advertisements stimulating desire and satisfaction through acquisition of material goods moral?
We live in a society which is more or less marked by materialism. Advertisements are often blamed to fuel consumption which is allegedly leading to happiness. The role of promoting satisfaction through acquisition of material goods has become so important that currently the "media products are characterised by relativism, irony, self referentiality and hedonism" (Hackley and Kitchen, 1999). Is the popular saying "those who die with most toys win" really a motivator in consumers' behavior and could consumption be the cure of emotional dissonance? This seems to be the case provided a brand succeeds to enter in the evoked set of consumer choices. This new "kind of materialism" goes hand in hand with "the emergence of individualism via sheer hedonism along with narcissism and selfishness" (Bergadaa 2007).
THEME IV. Is the quantity of advertisements justified?
IV.A. Do you think there is too much advertising?
An audit of food advertising aimed at children in Australia by Roberts and Pettigrew (2007) revealed that "28.5 hours of children's television programming sampled contained 950 advertisements." Actually, we all are being bombarded by ads on TV, Internet, print media, etc. The amount and content of marketing communications messages puts the consumer's information processing capacity to a test. The exposure to marketing data overload often leads to diluted consumer's selective perception. Whether our responses are circumscribed by "confusion, existential despair, and loss of moral identity" or we "adapt constructively to the [communications] Leviathan and become intelligent, cynical, streetwise" (Hackley and Kitchen, 1999) is a question open to debate.
Two opposite streams of attitudes were produced in our research. One stance is concerned with the undue quantity of advertisement. The other stream proclaims that "If there is an advertisement, so it is justified by a need." We agree that the communications overload may indeed have "pervasive effect on the social ecology of the developed world" (Hackley and Kitchen, 1999). If the increasing communication pollution is not managed properly by both legal and industry points of view yet again the advertising will manage "to hoist its foot to its own mouth and kick out a couple of its own front teeth" (Bernstein, 1951).
CONCLUSION
In preparation of this paper we have used qualitative depth interviews in order to get insights for what actual customers opine. We have also substantiated our presentation with references to a number of influential articles in the field of ethics in marketing communications. Generally, our respondents as well as various authors have taken two opposing stances. The first one affirms that ethics in marketing communications matters considerably, whereas the other one downsizes the importance of ethics, thereby stressing the role of other factors in consumer decision-making, i.e. price, brand loyalty, convenience, etc.
Marketers should understand their "responsibility for the emerging portrait of future society" (Bergadaa 2007). Not only there is a need of legal ethical frame but also professional ethical benchmarks and deontology should be in place. One of the main challenges is to avoid creating "a happy customer in the short term", because "in the long run both consumer and society may suffer as a direct result of the marketer's actions in 'satisfying' the consumer" (Carrigan and Attalla, 2001).
The strength of the advertisement influence exerted on consumers is only one part of the equation. On the other hand we may affirm that consumers are not morally subservient and according to the information process models there is a natural cognitive defense. The communications tools "offer us a theatre of our own imagination" (Hackley and Kitchen, 1999). Consequently, we accept the reality in terms of our own experiences. In this sense marketers do not create reality - they are simply a mirror of the society. We may argue that unfortunately this is not always the case.
Advertising is often deservedly seen as the embodiment of consumer freedom and choice. Notwithstanding this important role, when the choice is "between one candy bar and another, the latest savoury snack or sweetened breakfast cereal or fast food restaurant" (McSpotlight, accessed 20th September 2007) it represents anything else but not an alternative and certainly not a healthy one.
The words of Bernstein (1951), said fifty-six years ago are still very much a question of present interest: "It is not true that if we 'save advertising, we save all,' but it seems reasonable to assume that if we do not save advertising, we might lose all."
REFERENCES: Anonymous (2006). Module Book 6, Marketing Communications, University of Leicester. Arnold, M. (2001). Walking the Ethical Tightrope (Marketing Corporate Social Responsibility), Marketing, 7/12/1001, p. 17. Bergadaa M. (2007). Children and Business: Pluralistic Ethics of Marketers, Society and Business Review, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 53-73. Bernstein, S. R. (1951). Good Taste in Advertising, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 42-50. Bishop, J. D. (2000). Is Self-Identity Image Advertising Ethical?, Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 371-398. Botan, C. (1997). Ethics in Strategic Communication Campaigns: The Case for a New Approach to Public Relations, Journal of Business Communication, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 188-202. Carrigan, M. and Attalla, A. (2001). The Myth of the Ethical Consumer - Do Ethics Matter in Purchase Behaviour?, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 7, pp. 560-577. Chickenhead, 'Truth in advertising'. Online. Available at: chickenhead.com/truth/chesterfield6.html (accessed 25th September 2007). Chickenhead, 'Truth in advertising'. Online. Available at: chickenhead.com/truth/camel1.html (accessed 25th September 2007). Creyer, E. H. and Ross Jr. W. T. (1997). The Influence of Firm Behavior on Purchase Intention: Do Consumers Really Care About Business Ethics?, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 14, No. 6, pp. 421-432. Dolliver, M. (2007). A Parental Dim View of Advertising, Adweek, Vol. 48, No. 26, pp. 25. Goldie, L. (2007). Brands Free To Use Virtual Worlds To Target Kids, New Media Age, 8/9/2007, p. 2. Hackley, C. E. and Kitchen P. J. (1999). Ethical Perspectives on the Postmodern Communications Leviathan, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 15-26. Horgan, S. (2007). Online Brands Need Their Own Ethical Guidelines, Marketing Week, Vol. 30, No. 26, p. 30. Hunt, S. D. and Vitell, S. J. (2006). The General Theory of Marketing Ethics: A Revision and Three Questions, Journal of Macromarketing; Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 143-153. McSpotlight, 'Advertising to children, UK the worst in Europe' Online. Available at: mcspotlight.org/media/press/food_jan97.html, (accessed 20th September 2007). Nwachukwu, S.L.S, Vitell, Jr. S.J., Gilbert, F.W., Barnes, James H. (1997). Ethics and Social Responsibility in Marketing: An Examination of the Ethical Evaluation of Advertising Strategies, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 107-118. Odell, P. (2007). Marketing under the Influence, Promo, Vol. 20, No. 6, p. 27. Roberts, M. and Pettigrew, S. (2007). A Thematic Content Analysis of Children's Food Advertising, International Journal of Advertising, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 357-367. Singhapakdi, A. (1999). Perceived Importance of Ethics and Ethical Decisions in Marketing, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 89-99. Stanford University, 'Alcoholic Advertisements'. Online. Available at: stanford.edu/class/linguist34/advertisements/alcohol ads/index.htm, (accessed 20th September 2007). Vintage Virginia Slims, Online. Available at: freenet-homepage.de/mshel120/vintage/vintage-vs.html, (accessed 25th September 2007).
About the Author
Boyan Yordanof is in the tourism business since 1996. His main interests are in Internet Marketing and more specifically Service Branding in the Hospitality Industry. Boyan is an Internet Marketing Executive at RIU Seabank Hotel Malta.
People who are single are changing the face of America. Did you know that: * More than 40 percent of the nation’s adults---over 87 million people---are divorced, widowed, or have always been single. * There are more households comprised of single people living alone than of married parents and their children...
This book is based on a study to determine and identify audience?s perceptions and awareness on gender role stereotypes in advertisements. The degree and frequency levels of gender role stereotypes in Malaysian television?s advertisements were tabulated...
Beck Diet: Train your Brain to Think Like a Thin Person-and Maintain Weight Loss (part 2)
Copyright (c) 2007 SharpBrains
Note: we continue the interview with Dr. Judith Beck, author of The Beck Diet Solution: Train Your Brain to Think Like a Thin Person.
Alvaro Fernandez (AF) had asked Judith Beck (JB), "What are the cognitive and emotional skills and habits that dieters need to train, and where your book helps?" and Dr. Beck had started by listing How to motivate oneself and Plan in advance. The interview cotinues:
JB: Overcome sabotaging thoughts. Dieters have hundreds and hundreds of thoughts that lead them to engage in unhelpful eating behavior. I have dieters read cards that remind them of key points, e.g., that it isn't worth the few moments of pleasure they'll get from eating something they hadn't planned and that they'll feel badly afterwards; that they can't eat whatever they want, whenever they want, in whatever quantity they want, and still be thinner; that the scale is not supposed to go down every single day; that they deserve credit for each helpful eating behavior they engage in, to name just a few.
Also, How to Tolerate hunger and craving. Overweight people often confuse the two. You experience hunger when your stomach feels empty. Craving is an urge to eat, usually experienced in the mouth or throat, even if your stomach is full.
AF: When do people experience cravings?
JB: Triggers can be environmental (seeing or smelling food), biological (hormonal changes), social (being with others who are eating), mental (thinking about or imagining tempting food), or emotional (wanting to soothe yourself when you're upset). The trigger itself is less important than what you do about it. Dieters need to learn exactly what to say to themselves and what to do when they have cravings so they can wait until their next planned meal or snack.
AF: How can people learn that they don't have to eat in response to hunger or craving?
JB: I ask dieters, once they get medical clearance, to skip lunch one day, not eating between breakfast and dinner. Just doing this exercise once proves to dieters that hunger is never an emergency, that it's tolerable, that it doesn't keep getting worse, but instead, comes and goes, and that they don't need to "fix" their usually mild discomfort by eating. It helps them lose their fear of hunger. They also learn alternative actions to help them change their focus of attention. Feel hungry? Well, try calling a friend, taking a walk, playing a computer game, doing some email, reading a diet book, surfing the net, brushing your teeth, doing a puzzle. My ultimate goal is to train the dieter to resist temptations by firmly saying "No choice," to themselves, then naturally turning their attention back to what they had been doing or engaging in whatever activity comes next.
AF: You said earlier that some cravings follow an emotional reaction to stressful situations. Can you elaborate on that, and explain how cognitive techniques help?
JB: In the short term, the most effective way is to identify the problem and try to solve it. If there's nothing you can do at the moment, call a friend, do deep breathing or relaxation exercises, take a walk to clear your mind, or distract yourself in another way. Read a card that reminds you that you'll certainly not be able to lose weight or keep it off if you constantly turn to food to comfort yourself when you're upset. People without weight problems generally don't turn to food when they're upset. Dieters can learn to do other things, too.
And in the long term, I encourage people to examine and change their underlying beliefs and internal rules. Many people, for example, want to do everything (and expect others to do everything) in a perfect way 100% of the time, and that is simply impossible. This kind of thinking leads to stress.
AF: The title of the book includes a "train your brain" promise. Can you tell us a bit about the growing literature that analyzes the neurobiological impact of cognitive therapy?
JB: Yes, that is a very exciting area. For years, we could only measure the impact of cognitive therapy based on psychological assessments. Today, thanks to fMRI and other neuroimaging techniques, we are starting to understand the impact our actions can have on specific parts of the brain.
AF: Dr. Beck, that is exactly what we find most exciting about this emerging field of neuroplasticity: the awareness that we can improve our lives by refining, "training" our brains, and the growing research behind a number of tools such as cognitive therapy. Thanks a lot for sharing your thoughts with us.
JB: My pleasure.
About the Author
Alvaro Fernandez is the CEO and Co-Founder of SharpBrains.com, which provides the latest science-based information for Brain Health and Brain Training Software, and has been recognized by Scientific American Mind, MarketWatch, CBS, Forbes, and more. Alvaro holds MA in Education and MBA from Stanford University, and teaches The Science of Brain Health at UC-Berkeley Lifelong Learning Institute. You can learn more at http://www.sharpbrains.com/
Hang onto your chair... and your heart! Don't Doubt the Dream is an intense journey into the stressful, confusing and complex environment faced by at risk kids - kids with attention deficits, learning disabilities, or cognitive, emotional and behavioral problems...
DVD video training tool for students and tutors studying Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). Contains real time counseling session with professional therapist and student client filmed in HD.This product is manufactured on demand using DVD-R recordable media...
This DVD was designed as a teaching tool to be used by mental health professionals to instruct their patients and clients mindfulness as therapy. Mindfulness was originally taught by Buddha in the context of gaining enlightenment...
A great 6 week program teaching the skills of biofeedback to help you overcome the stress in your life. Includes 4 cassette tapes and instruction manual developed and field tested by psychologists. 4 Tapes and booklet...
The Virtual Speed Baseball tells you how fast youve thrown it! Baseball has a digital LCD readout on it that displays the speed of the last throw in MPH. It has a leather cover just like a real baseball...
Test, train and entertain your brain! This touch-screen handheld device is a personal trainer for your brain. It focuses on four specific functions of the brain: spatial awareness, creativity, memory and logic...
PLEASE NOTE:THE DOLL FOR THIS LISTING DOES NOT INCLUDE A STROLLER AS SHOWN IN THE PHOTO UPLOADED BY PENNY SCHUR. . NOTHING ABOUT A STROLLER.READ THE DESCRIPTION PLEASE THIS IS FOR THE POTTY DOLL SET
ENRICH YOUR VOCABULARY with MAX & CLAIRE provide a rich series of 12 games and tools that help your child improve and enhance language skills that are necessary to succeed at school. This software offers more than 30 hours of fun game play that challenge, test and train the brain on all components of language: the richness of vocabulary, quality spelling, correct meaning of words, and the comprehension of words and texts...
This neat, usable book is an essential guide for psychotherapists and counsellors, both in training and in practice, who need to ensure they are entirely familiar with the key features of cognitive behavioural therapy.
This is a thoroughly revised and updated edition of the bestselling Cognition in Children. The textbook has been rewritten from the perspective of brain science to include completely new chapters on social cognition, language acquisition and school-based learning. All chapters now include sections showing how new discoveries in cognitive neuroscience force us to reconsider traditional theories of cognitive development. The book therefore offers a new framework for thinking about cognition development, based on learning and the brain.This valuable textbook is essential reading for teachers and students of developmental and cognitive psychology, as well as education, language and the learning sciences. It will also be of interest to anyone training to work with infants and children. Cognitive Development: The Learning Brain is supported by an extensive online Cognitive Development Student Learning Program (CogDevSLP) and CD-ROM of Instructor Resources, both of which are free of charge to qualifying adopters andtheir students.
Cognitive linguistics is a relatively new theory of language that challenges many of the basic assumptions of traditional approaches. Drawing on his long-standing interest in the relationship between language and perspective, Lee here sets out to make the theory accessible to readers who have no prior training in the discipline.
Cognitive task analysis is a broad area consisting of tools and techniques for describing the knowledge and strategies required for task performance. Cognitive task analysis has implications for the development of expert systems, training and instructiona
The study of patients affected by disorders of the central nervous system is one of the crucial research methods for investigating the organization of cognitive functions in the brain. However, many clinicians remain unaware of the significant advances that have taken place in the field of cognitive neuroscience in the last decades. This book provides an introduction to the cognitive and behavioural aspects of the clinical practice of neurology. Most of the contributors to this book combine an active clinical practice with a leading role in their respective research area, and have provided concise summaries of the theoretical advances which they consider as potentially relevant for the clinical evaluation and treatment of patients. This general approach has led to a format which is different from the many textbooks of neuropsychology that have appeared in the last few years. The organization of the material follows the main issues of diagnostic evaluation, clinical presentation and management. As a consequence, the book deals not only with the classical neuropsychological syndromes associated with stroke and degenerative dementias, but also with other common clinical conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, head injury, epilepsy and psychiatric disorders, which are often neglected in neuropsychology textbooks. Cognitive Neurology will be essential for neurologists in training, who want to understand how the observations they make everyday in the clinic relate to the expanding knowledge about the organization of cognition and emotion in the human brain. It will also be of interest to psychologists and cognitive neuroscientists, speech and language clinicians and rehabilitation specialists and psychiatrists.
This volume focuses on cognitive ergonomics, that area of ergonomics which is concerned with mental processes or brain work such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system. The relevant topics include mental workload, decision-making, skilled performance, human-computer interaction, human reliability, work stress and training as these many relate to human-system design. The book covers the latest advances in cognitive ergonomics and areas where cognitive ergonomics intersects with other disciplines.
Cognitive deficits are part of the normal aging process and are exacerbated by various diseases that affect adults in old age, such as dementia, depression, and stroke. A significant scientific and social effort has been expended to evaluate whether cognitive deficits can be remedied through systematic interventions. The editors, as well as the chapter authors, represent a variety of viewpoints that span theory as well as practice. Overall, they aim to address concepts in cognitive rehabilitation that are useful in intervention research -- research which examines problems and issues in normal and pathological aging -- and focusing on the application of cognitive training strategies in natural settings. Thus, the book is grounded in contemporary theory in cognitive aging and is applicable to both the practicing clinician as well as the researcher. It is organized into four sections. The first highlights prominent theoretical principles; the second looks at cognitive rehabilitation strategies in normal aging; the third examines the interplay between lifestyle patterns and cognitive function through applying a broad definition of lifestyle choices; and the fourth focuses on rehabilitation strategies that address issues in pathological (or diseased) aging.
Color - Coloring Page Kids Should Discover Two Fun Facts
Kid, you adore coloring pages and color. You and millions of other children have free coloring pages, coloring books, and printable coloring pages. You spend 30 mins each day with coloring and drawing activities. So I?ll give you a braggin? Rights present. You?ll discover:1. Color is soaked up, Reflected, or transmitted one. Light is created by the sun, fire or manmade stuff like bulbs and flashlights. Kid, your eyeballs and brain pick up the colors in the light. Beasts, bugs, and birds eyeball colors differently than you. You and a spider look at a ball. It appears to be red to you. The spider sees the ball as black. It?s still a ball but the color appears differently. You may mix red, blue and green pigments to create each other color. Your crayon colors are made of pigments.
Color is soaked up, reflected, or transmitted.
Look kid, when light slams into an object ( we?ll say a ball ) one of 3 things occur :
The ball sucks all the light in - absorbs it like a bath towel. two. The ball shoots the light back to you - reflecting like a flashlight on a mirror. Or
3. The ball lets the light shine thru itself - broadcasts like an ice cube or moggies eye marble.
pay attention, boy : Light slams ( you can?t hear the slamming ) into the ball and if all the light shoots back at you white is the color you see. The ball sucks in debt and green lights. That?s called soaked up light. The blue light shoots back at you. You see the reflecting blue color. You've got a blue ball. Your green house plant sucks in ( absorbs ) red and blue colors and shoots back the green ( reflected ) color you see. Here?s one : The rottweiler?s fur sucks in ( absorbs ) all the red, blue and green light slamming into it. You see black fur. The glossy coat and growling fangs only reflect light when the dog sees you coming. Last One : Your momma?s crystal glints. Hold the glass in front of another color - say purple - you?ll see purple in the glass. If you drop the crystal - hold up a broken piece in front of momma's face you?ll see red in the glass. Find out more about pigment colored flour in ?Coloring Page Crayons History : 4 Fun Facts for Kids? You can brag now. You discovered : + Color is a part of light. + Color absorbs, reflects and broadcasts.
+ Eyeballs and brains help see color. + Millions of colours are mixed from red, blue and green.
authorization is granted to reprint this article ?Color : Coloring Page Kids Should Discover two Fun Facts? Use it for your internet site, home faculty, elementary school, Art History, art class, kids? Humanities and crafts, teacher resource, church or library with the http://www.coloring-pages-book-for-kids-boys.com/Cars-Coloring.html live links and credits intact. No authorization is granted to edit, change or sell the articles. Michael J Bennett 2007 .
Wake up to an animal sound of your choice with these adorable alarm clocks! Each clock requires 3 AA batteries, that are included. Owl - the Owl alarm says, "Whoooo, Whoooo, Whoooo" and has a lavender clock frame...
Wake up to an animal sound of your choice with these adorable alarm clocks! Each clock requires 3 AA batteries, that are included. Owl - the Owl alarm says, "Whoooo, Whoooo, Whoooo" and has a lavender clock frame...
C Bear and Jamal, starring Tone Loc, the rapper who delivered the raucous, infectious tune Wild Thing to the masses in the early '90s, is a Fat Albert for the new millennium, with a few key updates. For starters, Jamal's gang isn't strictly African American, though he is...
Boundless exploration is at the heart of each episode of this new 3D animated series aimed at children ages 5 8 years. Teddy a 6-year old African American boy is given a magical diploma by his parents for successfully graduating from kindergarten...
Are Fish Really Brain Food Light Switch Cover is new and handcrafted utilizing unique process resulting in a stunning high gloss ceramic-like finish. SET OF MATCHING SCREWS IS INCLUDED giving it a perfect finishing touch...
ISBN-13: 9780823013814 ISBN-10: 0823013812 Title: Drawing on the Funny Side of the Brain How to Come Up With Jokes for Cartoons and Comic Strips. Author: Christopher Hart.
Drawing on the Funny Side of the Brain : How to Come Up With Jokes for Cartoons and Comic Strips by Christopher Hart Published in 1998 by Watson-Guptill
US $279.04
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